TY - JOUR
T1 - The human dimension of fire regimes on Earth
AU - Bowman, David M.J.S.
AU - Balch, Jennifer
AU - Artaxo, Paulo
AU - Bond, William J.
AU - Cochrane, Mark A.
AU - D'Antonio, Carla M.
AU - Defries, Ruth
AU - Johnston, Fay H.
AU - Keeley, Jon E.
AU - Krawchuk, Meg A.
AU - Kull, Christian A.
AU - Mack, Michelle
AU - Moritz, Max A.
AU - Pyne, Stephen
AU - Roos, Christopher I.
AU - Scott, Andrew C.
AU - Sodhi, Navjot S.
AU - Swetnam, Thomas W.
PY - 2011/12
Y1 - 2011/12
N2 - Humans and their ancestors are unique in being a fire-making species, but 'natural' (i.e. independent of humans) fires have an ancient, geological history on Earth. Natural fires have influenced biological evolution and global biogeochemical cycles, making fire integral to the functioning of some biomes. Globally, debate rages about the impact on ecosystems of prehistoric human-set fires, with views ranging from catastrophic to negligible. Understanding of the diversity of human fire regimes on Earth in the past, present and future remains rudimentary. It remains uncertain how humans have caused a departure from 'natural' background levels that vary with climate change. Available evidence shows that modern humans can increase or decrease background levels of natural fire activity by clearing forests, promoting grazing, dispersing plants, altering ignition patterns and actively suppressing fires, thereby causing substantial ecosystem changes and loss of biodiversity. Some of these contemporary fire regimes cause substantial economic disruptions owing to the destruction of infrastructure, degradation of ecosystem services, loss of life, and smoke-related health effects. These episodic disasters help frame negative public attitudes towards landscape fires, despite the need for burning to sustain some ecosystems. Greenhouse gas-induced warming and changes in the hydrological cycle may increase the occurrence of large, severe fires, with potentially significant feedbacks to the Earth system. Improved understanding of human fire regimes demands: (1) better data on past and current human influences on fire regimes to enable global comparative analyses, (2) a greater understanding of different cultural traditions of landscape burning and their positive and negative social, economic and ecological effects, and (3) more realistic representations of anthropogenic fire in global vegetation and climate change models. We provide an historical framework to promote understanding of the development and diversification of fire regimes, covering the pre-human period, human domestication of fire, and the subsequent transition from subsistence agriculture to industrial economies. All of these phases still occur on Earth, providing opportunities for comparative research.
AB - Humans and their ancestors are unique in being a fire-making species, but 'natural' (i.e. independent of humans) fires have an ancient, geological history on Earth. Natural fires have influenced biological evolution and global biogeochemical cycles, making fire integral to the functioning of some biomes. Globally, debate rages about the impact on ecosystems of prehistoric human-set fires, with views ranging from catastrophic to negligible. Understanding of the diversity of human fire regimes on Earth in the past, present and future remains rudimentary. It remains uncertain how humans have caused a departure from 'natural' background levels that vary with climate change. Available evidence shows that modern humans can increase or decrease background levels of natural fire activity by clearing forests, promoting grazing, dispersing plants, altering ignition patterns and actively suppressing fires, thereby causing substantial ecosystem changes and loss of biodiversity. Some of these contemporary fire regimes cause substantial economic disruptions owing to the destruction of infrastructure, degradation of ecosystem services, loss of life, and smoke-related health effects. These episodic disasters help frame negative public attitudes towards landscape fires, despite the need for burning to sustain some ecosystems. Greenhouse gas-induced warming and changes in the hydrological cycle may increase the occurrence of large, severe fires, with potentially significant feedbacks to the Earth system. Improved understanding of human fire regimes demands: (1) better data on past and current human influences on fire regimes to enable global comparative analyses, (2) a greater understanding of different cultural traditions of landscape burning and their positive and negative social, economic and ecological effects, and (3) more realistic representations of anthropogenic fire in global vegetation and climate change models. We provide an historical framework to promote understanding of the development and diversification of fire regimes, covering the pre-human period, human domestication of fire, and the subsequent transition from subsistence agriculture to industrial economies. All of these phases still occur on Earth, providing opportunities for comparative research.
KW - Fire and culture
KW - Fire management
KW - Fire regime
KW - Global environmental change
KW - Landscape fire
KW - Palaeoecology
KW - Prehistoric human impacts
KW - Pyrogeography
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=81255168201&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=81255168201&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02595.x
DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02595.x
M3 - Comment/debate
AN - SCOPUS:81255168201
SN - 0305-0270
VL - 38
SP - 2223
EP - 2236
JO - Journal of Biogeography
JF - Journal of Biogeography
IS - 12
ER -