TY - JOUR
T1 - The gap between mycorrhizal science and application
T2 - existence, origins, and relevance during the United Nation's Decade on Ecosystem Restoration
AU - Markovchick, Lisa M.
AU - Carrasco-Denney, Vanessa
AU - Sharma, Jyotsna
AU - Querejeta, José Ignacio
AU - Gibson, Kara Skye
AU - Swaty, Randy
AU - Uhey, Derek A.
AU - Belgara-Andrew, Abril
AU - Kovacs, Zsuzsi I.
AU - Johnson, Nancy C.
AU - Whitham, Thomas G
AU - Gehring, Catherine A.
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors thank Rivers Edge West and all who participated in seminars and mycorrhizal restoration workshops, attendees of the Society for Ecological Restoration Southwest Chapter Annual Conference and the Biennial Conference of Science & Management on the Colorado Plateau, the Gehring lab, and the Cottonwood Ecology and Community Genetics Laboratory group for constructive questions and feedback. The authors thank everyone who contributed to peer reviews of this paper, and to the studies and management plans discussed. The authors thank Bala Chaudhary for suggesting an ecosystem services framework, Andrew Meador‐Sanchez for help conceptualizing figures, and Joe Bushyhead for clarifying Endangered Species Act commentary surrounding fungi. The authors thank Brian Douglas at Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Andrew Miller, Philip Anders and volunteers at MycoPortal for sharing information about their programs. The authors gratefully acknowledge Naval Base Point Loma and the United States Department of Defense for funding Figure 4 projects. NSF Macrosystems DEB‐1340852, NAU's Presidential Fellowship Program and Lucking Family Professorship, the ARCS Foundation and Mrs. John Van Denburgh, and the Arizona Mushroom Society's Dr. Chester Leathers Graduate Student Scholarship all contributed to making this research possible. Mycorrhizae for Land Managers
Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 Society for Ecological Restoration.
PY - 2023
Y1 - 2023
N2 - During the United Nation's Decade on Ecosystem Restoration, planting material shortages are constraining restoration, while climate change exacerbates the need for restoration and reduces recruitment. Concurrently, research shows that native mycorrhizal fungi (symbiotic with plant roots) appropriate to plant provenance and site conditions significantly accelerate restoration, support crucial ecosystem services, and provide natural climate solutions (sequestering carbon), and nature-based solutions for climate change (climate adaptation). We reviewed 130 management plans for natural areas in the United States to evaluate whether restoring native mycorrhizal communities has translated into implementation. Although management plans frequently discussed the ecosystem services mycorrhizal fungi provide, nearly one half (46%) viewed fungi solely as pathogens or ignored them altogether. Only 8% of plans mentioned mycorrhizal fungi. Only one plan mentioned that mycorrhizae were potentially helpful to natural regeneration, while one other mentioned utilizing soil as a restoration tool. Our examination of publicly available data and case studies suggests that relatively meager protections for fungi, limited research funding and resulting data, research difficulty, and limited access to mycology experts and training contribute to this gap between science and implementation. A database of literature showcasing mycorrhizal ecosystem services and benefits is provided to highlight when and why mycorrhizae should be considered in management, regeneration, and restoration. Three action items are recommended to safeguard native mycorrhizal fungal communities and accelerate restoration and regeneration. Ten implementation tips based in scientific literature are provided to clarify the need and methods for mycorrhizal restoration.
AB - During the United Nation's Decade on Ecosystem Restoration, planting material shortages are constraining restoration, while climate change exacerbates the need for restoration and reduces recruitment. Concurrently, research shows that native mycorrhizal fungi (symbiotic with plant roots) appropriate to plant provenance and site conditions significantly accelerate restoration, support crucial ecosystem services, and provide natural climate solutions (sequestering carbon), and nature-based solutions for climate change (climate adaptation). We reviewed 130 management plans for natural areas in the United States to evaluate whether restoring native mycorrhizal communities has translated into implementation. Although management plans frequently discussed the ecosystem services mycorrhizal fungi provide, nearly one half (46%) viewed fungi solely as pathogens or ignored them altogether. Only 8% of plans mentioned mycorrhizal fungi. Only one plan mentioned that mycorrhizae were potentially helpful to natural regeneration, while one other mentioned utilizing soil as a restoration tool. Our examination of publicly available data and case studies suggests that relatively meager protections for fungi, limited research funding and resulting data, research difficulty, and limited access to mycology experts and training contribute to this gap between science and implementation. A database of literature showcasing mycorrhizal ecosystem services and benefits is provided to highlight when and why mycorrhizae should be considered in management, regeneration, and restoration. Three action items are recommended to safeguard native mycorrhizal fungal communities and accelerate restoration and regeneration. Ten implementation tips based in scientific literature are provided to clarify the need and methods for mycorrhizal restoration.
KW - ecosystem services
KW - land management
KW - mycorrhiza
KW - natural climate solutions
KW - nature-based solutions
KW - restoration
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85146997260&partnerID=8YFLogxK
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U2 - 10.1111/rec.13866
DO - 10.1111/rec.13866
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:85146997260
SN - 1061-2971
JO - Restoration Ecology
JF - Restoration Ecology
ER -