Supplementary bird feeding as an overlooked contribution to local phosphorus cycles

Andrew J. Abraham, Christopher E. Doughty, Kate E. Plummer, Ethan S. Duvall

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

Abstract

Supplementary feeding of garden birds and gamebirds is a common practice worldwide. Bird feed is rich in phosphorus (P), which plays a key role in animal health and ecosystem function. However, much of the P in bird feed originates from mined rock deposits, which is then transported thousands of kilometers to feeder stations, where it represents an external source of nutrients for recipient ecosystems. Here, we demonstrate that diffusion of P by birds and other animals from feeder stations to ecosystems can represent a nontrivial contribution to local biogeochemical cycles. Using the UK as a case study, we show that supplementary bird feeding supplies 2.4 (range: 1.9–3.0) gigagrams of P per year across the UK, a flux similar in magnitude to atmospheric deposition. Phosphorus provided to garden birds alone is equal to that supplied through the application of garden fertilizers. In natural and semi-natural ecosystems, additional feeder-derived P inputs may exacerbate eutrophication at the local scale and adversely impact biodiversity.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Article numbere2793
JournalFrontiers in Ecology and the Environment
Volume22
Issue number9
DOIs
StatePublished - Nov 2024

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
  • Ecology

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