@article{17080f51fa3f4a26b0a20460ad44ebe2,
title = "Solar wind contributions to Earth{\textquoteright}s oceans",
abstract = "The isotopic composition of water in Earth{\textquoteright}s oceans is challenging to recreate using a plausible mixture of known extraterrestrial sources such as asteroids—an additional isotopically light reservoir is required. The Sun{\textquoteright}s solar wind could provide an answer to balance Earth{\textquoteright}s water budget. We used atom probe tomography to directly observe an average ~1 mol% enrichment in water and hydroxyls in the solar-wind-irradiated rim of an olivine grain from the S-type asteroid Itokawa. We also experimentally confirm that H+ irradiation of silicate mineral surfaces produces water molecules. These results suggest that the Itokawa regolith could contain ~20 l m−3 of solar-wind-derived water and that such water reservoirs are probably ubiquitous on airless worlds throughout our Galaxy. The production of this isotopically light water reservoir by solar wind implantation into fine-grained silicates may have been a particularly important process in the early Solar System, potentially providing a means to recreate Earth{\textquoteright}s current water isotope ratios.",
author = "Luke Daly and Lee, {Martin R.} and Hallis, {Lydia J.} and Ishii, {Hope A.} and Bradley, {John P.} and Bland, {Phillip A.} and Saxey, {David W.} and Denis Fougerouse and Rickard, {William D.A.} and Forman, {Lucy V.} and Timms, {Nicholas E.} and Fred Jourdan and Reddy, {Steven M.} and Tobias Salge and Zakaria Quadir and Evangelos Christou and Cox, {Morgan A.} and Aguiar, {Jeffrey A.} and Khalid Hattar and Anthony Monterrosa and Keller, {Lindsay P.} and Roy Christoffersen and Dukes, {Catherine A.} and Loeffler, {Mark J.} and Thompson, {Michelle S.}",
note = "Funding Information: The Hayabusa-returned sample RA-QD02-0279 was allocated to L.D. by the Planetary Material Sample Curation Facility of JAXA through the 5th International Announcement of Opportunity held in 2017. We would like to thank M. Suttle for the preparation and loan of the mounting rod, R. Ickert for providing access to the clean lab facility at the Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre to mount the Itokawa particles and R. Mahajan for providing suitably fine-grained basaltic fragments to practice on. L.D. would also like to thank NASA JSC and the Lunar and Planetary Institute for the training received at the 4th training in extraterrestrial sample handling course. This work was funded by the UK STFC consortium grant numbers ST/T002328/1 awarded to M.R.L. and L.D. and ST/N000846/1 awarded to M.R.L. This work was also funded by a UAE seed grant awarded to M.R.L., as well as a SAGES small grant awarded to L.D. H.I. and J.P.B. were partially supported by the NASA Laboratory Analysis of Returned Samples (LARS) Program (grant number 80NSSC18K0936). This work was partially supported through the INL Laboratory Directed Research & Development (LDRD) Program under DOE Idaho Operations Office contract number DE-AC07-05ID145142, which supported J.A.A. D.F. is supported by an Australian Research Council Discovery Early Career Reseacher Award (ARC DECRA) number DE190101307. This work was conducted within the Geoscience Atom Probe Facility at Curtin University, which was developed through funding from the Science and Industry Endowment Fund (grant number SIEF RI13-01) awarded to S.M.R. This work utilized the Tescan MIRA3 FE-SEM at the John de Laeter Centre, Curtin University, which was obtained via funding from the Australian Research Council LIEF program (grant number ARC LE130100053). We acknowledge the use of Curtin University{\textquoteright}s Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility, whose instrumentation has been partially funded by the University, State and Commonwealth Governments. This work was performed, in part, at the Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, an Office of Science User Facility operated for the US DOE Office of Science. Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-mission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International, Inc., for the US DOE{\textquoteright}s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract number DE-NA-0003525. The views expressed in the article do not necessarily represent the views of the US DOE or the United States Government. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.",
year = "2021",
month = dec,
doi = "10.1038/s41550-021-01487-w",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "5",
pages = "1275--1285",
journal = "Nature Astronomy",
issn = "2397-3366",
publisher = "Nature Publishing Group",
number = "12",
}