TY - JOUR
T1 - Reference conditions and ecological restoration
T2 - A Southwestern ponderosa pine perspective
AU - Moore, Margaret M.
AU - Covington, W. Wallace
AU - Fulé, Peter Z.
N1 - Copyright:
Copyright 2017 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 1999/11
Y1 - 1999/11
N2 - Ecological restoration is the process of reestablishing the structure and function of native ecosystems and developing mutually beneficial human-wildland interactions that are compatible with the evolutionary history of those systems. Restoration is based on an ecosystem's reference conditions (or natural range of variability); the difference between reference conditions and contemporary conditions is used to assess the need for restorative treatments and to evaluate their success. Since ecosystems are highly complex and dynamic, it is not possible to describe comprehensively all possible attributes of reference conditions. Instead, ecosystem characteristics with essential roles in the evolutionary environment are chosen for detailed study. Key characteristics of structure, function, and disturbance - especially fire regimes in ponderosa pine ecosystems - are quantified as far as possible through dendroecological and paleoecological studies, historical evidence, and comparison to undisrupted sites. Ecological restoration treatments are designed to reverse recent, human-caused ecological degradation. Testing of restoration treatments at four sites in northern Arizona, USA, has shown promise, but the diverse context of management goals and constraints for Southwestern forest ecosystems means that appropriate applications of restoration techniques will probably differ in various settings.
AB - Ecological restoration is the process of reestablishing the structure and function of native ecosystems and developing mutually beneficial human-wildland interactions that are compatible with the evolutionary history of those systems. Restoration is based on an ecosystem's reference conditions (or natural range of variability); the difference between reference conditions and contemporary conditions is used to assess the need for restorative treatments and to evaluate their success. Since ecosystems are highly complex and dynamic, it is not possible to describe comprehensively all possible attributes of reference conditions. Instead, ecosystem characteristics with essential roles in the evolutionary environment are chosen for detailed study. Key characteristics of structure, function, and disturbance - especially fire regimes in ponderosa pine ecosystems - are quantified as far as possible through dendroecological and paleoecological studies, historical evidence, and comparison to undisrupted sites. Ecological restoration treatments are designed to reverse recent, human-caused ecological degradation. Testing of restoration treatments at four sites in northern Arizona, USA, has shown promise, but the diverse context of management goals and constraints for Southwestern forest ecosystems means that appropriate applications of restoration techniques will probably differ in various settings.
KW - Ecological restoration
KW - Ecosystem management
KW - Evolutionary environment
KW - Pinus ponderosa
KW - Range of variability
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U2 - 10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[1266:RCAERA]2.0.CO;2
DO - 10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[1266:RCAERA]2.0.CO;2
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:0032700231
SN - 1051-0761
VL - 9
SP - 1266
EP - 1277
JO - Ecological Applications
JF - Ecological Applications
IS - 4
ER -