Past, present, and future old growth in frequent-fire conifer forests of the western United States

Agriculture & Biology

• climate change 7%
• coniferous forests 82%
• ecological restoration 11%
• fire regime 25%
• grazing 7%
• livestock 7%
• Pinus ponderosa 33%
• prescribed burning 11%
• ranching 10%
• thinning (plants) 9%
• tree crown 16%
• understory 17%
• vegetation 6%
• Western United States 100%
• wildfires 11%
• wildland fire use 19%
• wildland-urban interface 15%

Earth & Environmental Sciences

• climate change 3%
• coniferous tree 78%
• effect 1%
• exotic species 7%
• fragmentation 5%
• grazing 5%
• livestock 5%
• mortality 4%
• pine 10%
• policy 3%
• productivity 4%
• ranching 8%
• restoration 4%
• thinning 5%
• understory 12%
• vegetation 3%
• wildfire 6%