Motion of the calcaneus, navicular, and first metatarsal during the stance phase of walking

One hundred fifty-three subjects between the ages of 18 and 41 years (mean age, 26.2 years) with no history of congenital or traumatic deformity or foot problems walked along a 6-m walkway while the angular and linear displacement of the tibia, calcaneus, navicular, and first metatarsal was measured by means of an electromagnetic motion analysis system. Three-dimensional movement of the calcaneus relative to the tibia, of the navicular relative to the calcaneus, and of the first metatarsal relative to the navicular during the stance phase of gait was calculated. The results of this study provide information on, and an understanding of, how the calcaneus, navicular, and first metatarsal function during the stance phase of normal human walking.