L2 grit and age as predictors of attrition in mobile-assisted language learning

Building on research into predictive validity of second-language (L2) grit and studies on perseverance in app-based language learning, this longitudinal study examined multiple individual differences as predictors of attrition among Duolingo users. A total of 601 beginners learning Spanish or French participated in a natural experiment investigating user-controlled Duolingo app usage and proficiency gains over a 6-month period. A statistical logistic regression was performed to assess the role of predictors of Duolingo attrition (i.e., app usage): age, target language, L2 motivation, L2 grit perseverance of effort (PE), L2 grit consistency of interest, self-rated proficiency, and C-test scores at pretest. The best-fitting and most parsimonious model included two meaningful predictors of attrition: L2 grit PE and a natural log of “age.” We conclude with implications for the conceptualization of grit in the context of app-based language learning and beyond, such as how the use of apps may enhance L2 learners' persistence in long-term goals. Educational relevance and implications statement: Mobile applications such as Duolingo hold great potential for instructional effectiveness. In order to reach that potential, however, users must persist in their engagement with the app. The current study seeks to shed light on the predictors of attrition of app usage to better understand how to foster greater learning and app design.