@article{dcb939d20a6540958727448ea67182b4,
title = "Evaluation of a brief harm reduction intervention to reduce celebratory drinking among college students",
abstract = "Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of a harm reduction e-card at increasing protective drinking behaviors and decreasing negative outcomes from consuming alcohol.Participants: Participants were college students who turned 21 years old between January 21 2016 and September 27 2017. A total of 1,064 students completed the posttest: 737 from the experimental group and 327 from the control group.Methods: This study is a randomized controlled trial evaluation. Three days prior to their birthdays, students were randomly selected to receive a harm reduction e-card (experimental group) or not (control group). Three days after their birthdays, all students were sent an electronic posttest survey to the student{\textquoteright}s university email address.Results: Students who received the e-card intervention reported employing more protective behaviors than the individuals who did not receive the card. Conclusions: This evaluation concludes that a harm reduction e-card successfully increased the use of protective drinking strategies but did not impact negative outcomes.",
keywords = "21st birthday e-card, campus alcohol use, harm reduction, risky drinking",
author = "Christine Arazan and Costelloe, {Michael T.} and Willingham, {Mark T.}",
note = "Funding Information: No funding was used to support this research and/or the preparation of the manuscript. Table 1. Comparison of key variables by group. Experimental group (n = 737) Control group (n = 327) Total (n = 1064) Percentage Percentage Percentage Female 59.3 59.9 59.5 White 62.0 62.7 62.2 Black 2.4 3.1 2.6 Hispanic / Latino(a) 14.7 16.4 15.9 Asian / Pacific Islander 3.1 3.8 3.6 American Indian, Alaska Native, or Native Hawaiian 3.7 1.8 2.3 Biracial or multiracial 4.0 5.4 5.0 Freshman 0.0 1.5 1.0 Sophomore 6.1 4.3 4.9 Junior 49.8 49.0 49.2 Senior 23.9 23.2 23.4 Full-time 77.1 75.7 76.1 Social fraternity/sorority 12.2 10.4 11.0 Mean Mean Mean Typical weekday night / # of drinks 0.42 0.44 0.43 Typical weekend night / # of drinks 2.22 2.41 2.28 Over past 30 days had 5+ drinks 1.35 1.51 1.40 Table 2. Percentage and chi-square values of students who reported each type of protective behavior. Exp. Control % % Chi-Square Eat food before drinking 89.7 89.8 χ2 (1) = 0.00, p =.987 Choose a sober designated driver before going out 85.3 71.5 χ2(1) = 11.55, p =.001 Alternate nonalcoholic with alcoholic beverages 68.2 67.0 χ2(1) = 0.08, p =.775 Eat food while drinking 66.9 63.5 χ2(1) = 0.62, p =.432 Pace yourself to no more than 1-2 standard drinks/hr 54.0 46.3 χ2(1) = 2.76, p =.096 Table 3. Percentage and chi-square values of students who reported each type of negative outcome. Exp. Control % % Chi-Square Got drunk 59.7 58.0 χ2(1) = 0.15, p =.696 Had hangover the following morning 31.0 34.5 χ2(1) = 0.70, p =.402 Got sick 19.9 21.5 χ2(1) = 0.19, p =.663 Noticed a change in your personality 13.2 13.0 χ2(1) = 0.06, p =.811 Missed a day (or part of a day) of school or work 12.0 12.6 χ2(1) = 0.04, p =.845 Neglected your responsibilities 8.3 14.8 χ2(1) = 5.18, p =.023 Not able to do my homework or study for a test 7.9 13.9 χ2(1) = 4.61, p =.032 Suddenly found myself in a place that I could not remember getting to 7.5 8.0 χ2(1) = 0.05, p =.831 Had a fight, argument or bad feeling with a friend 3.4 4.5 χ2(1) = 0.41, p =.524 Caused shame or embarrassment to someone 3.4 4.0 χ2(1) = 0.15, p =.703 Went to work or school high or drunk 3.0 3.6 χ2(1) = 0.13, p =.720 Was told to stop or slow down my drinking 2.3 4.1 χ2(1) = 1.32, p =.250 Passed out or fainted suddenly 1.9 4.1 χ2(1) = 2.03, p =.154 Kept drinking when I promised myself not toa 2.3 1.8 p =.761 Felt I was going crazya 1.9 1.8 p = 1.000 Missed out on other things because I spent too much money on alcohola 1.5 1.8 p = 1.000 Got into fight(s) with other people (friends, relatives, strangers)a 1.5 1.8 p = 1.000 Wanted to stop drinking but couldn{\textquoteright}ta 0.8 2.2 p =.254 Had a bad timea 1.5 1.4 p = 1.000 Felt that I had a problem with alcohola 0.8 1.8 p =.418 Relatives avoided youa 0.0 1.3 p =.094 Had a fight, argument or bad feeling with a family membera 0.4 0.9 p =.594 aFisher{\textquoteright}s exact test is reported as chi-square assumptions were violated for this reported behavior. Table 4. Results of t -tests and descriptive statistics comparing protective behavior and negative outcomes by group. Group 95% CI for mean difference Watched 21st birthday e-card Did not receive e-card Outcome M SD n M SD n t df Summed scale of protective drinking behaviors (five statements) 3.63 1.21 204 3.35 1.20 183 −0.52, −0.04 −2.30* 385 Summed scale of negative outcomes (22 statements) 1.83 1.94 268 2.10 2.37 226 −0.11, 0.65 1.39 492 * p <.05. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.",
year = "2023",
doi = "10.1080/07448481.2021.1927048",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "71",
pages = "1293--1300",
journal = "Journal of American College Health",
issn = "0744-8481",
publisher = "Routledge",
number = "4",
}