@article{6c74fd44117942f9be282d6f637a4dc1,
title = "Epidemiology of Incarceration: Characterizing Jail Incarceration for Public Health Research",
abstract = "Background: Each year, 9 million individuals cycle in and out of jails. The under-characterization of incarceration as an exposure poses substantial challenges to understanding how varying levels of exposure to jail may affect health. Thus, we characterized levels of jail incarceration including recidivism, number of incarcerations, total and average number of days incarcerated, and time to reincarceration. Methods: We created a cohort of 75,203 individuals incarcerated at the Coconino County Detention Facility in Flagstaff, Arizona, from 2001 to 2018 from jail intake and release records. Results: The median number of incarcerations during the study period was one (interquartile range [IQR] = 1-2). Forty percent of individuals had >1 incarceration. The median length of stay for first observed incarcerations was 1 day (IQR = 0-5). The median total days incarcerated was 3 (IQR = 1-23). Average length of stay increased by number of incarcerations. By 18 months, 27% of our sample had been reincarcerated. Conclusion: Characteristics of jail incarceration have been largely left out of public health research. A better understanding of jail incarcerations can help design analyses to assess health outcomes of individuals incarcerated in jail. Our study is an early step in shaping an understanding of jail incarceration as an exposure for future epidemiologic research. See video abstract at, http://links.lww.com/EDE/B536.",
keywords = "Epidemiology, Health disparities, Incarceration, Jail",
author = "Ricky Camplain and Meghan Warren and Baldwin, {Julie A.} and Carolyn Camplain and Fofanov, {Viacheslav Y.} and Trotter, {Robert T.}",
note = "Funding Information: Submitted September 4, 2018; accepted March 28, 2019. From the aCenter for Health Equity Research, Northern Arizona University, Flag-staff, AZ; bDepartment of Athletic Training and Physical Therapy, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ; cDepartment of Health Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ; dSchool of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ; and eDepartment of Anthropology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ. The Health Disparities in Jail Populations study is funded by The NARBHA Institute, Flagstaff Arizona, with additional support from the Northern Ar-izona University (NAU) Center for Health Equity Research (CHER) and the NAU Southwest Health Equity Research Collaborative (NIH/NIMHD U54, Grant #NIH U54MD012388). The authors report no conflicts of interest. Data and code are not available. The data required creation of a memorandum of understanding (MOU) and a complex data sharing protocol. The MOU includes data acquisition and data protection procedures that are IRB and HIPAA approved. Supplemental digital content is available through direct URL citations in the HTML and PDF versions of this article (www.epidem.com). This content is not peer-reviewed or copy-edited; it is the sole respon-sibility of the authors. Correspondence: Ricky Camplain, PO Box 4065, Northern Arizona Univer-sity Flagstaff, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-4065. E-mail: ricky.camplain@nau.edu. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2019 Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. All rights reserved.",
year = "2019",
month = jul,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1097/EDE.0000000000001021",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "30",
pages = "561--568",
journal = "Epidemiology",
issn = "1044-3983",
publisher = "Lippincott Williams and Wilkins",
number = "4",
}