Can environmental attributes influence protected area designation? A case study valuing preferences for springs in Grand Canyon National Park

Earth & Environmental Sciences

• canyon 73%
• willingness to pay 70%
• national park 67%
• protected area 67%
• attribute 56%
• habitat 27%
• public 20%
• land 16%
• monument 16%
• baseflow 16%
• esthetics 15%
• recreation 15%
• accessibility 14%
• viability 14%
• water 13%
• uranium 13%
• pumping 13%
• household 12%
• experiment 11%
• decision making 11%
• aquifer 11%
• watershed 10%
• animal 10%
• services 9%
• policy 9%
• groundwater 9%
• climate change 8%
• river 7%

Agriculture & Biology

• springs (water) 100%
• canyons 99%
• conservation areas 71%
• national parks 70%
• case studies 64%
• willingness to pay 39%
• public lands 22%
• base flow 13%
• habitats 13%
• Colorado River 11%
• cultural values 11%
• monuments 10%
• aquifers 10%
• indigenous peoples 9%
• recreation 9%
• uranium 9%
• water 9%
• aesthetics 8%
• groundwater 8%
• decision making 7%
• households 7%
• climate change 6%
• viability 5%
• animals 3%

Social Sciences

• willingness to pay 96%
• national park 88%
• habitat 62%
• Water sources 56%
• monument 22%
• experiment 22%
• recreation 19%
• National Policy 18%
• river 17%
• aesthetics 17%
• climate change 16%
• animal 15%
• water 14%
• decision making 11%