Camel brucellosis: a narrative review of epidemiology and control strategies

Brucellosis in camels is mainly caused by Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus and poses significant economic and public health challenges. Brucellosis is a disease of economic and public health concern, not only because of human infections but also because of its pervasive effects on livestock species, especially in rural areas in semi-arid and arid zones. In such places, camels are crucial to various livelihoods and serve many roles. Camels are a source of milk (which is often the mainstay of family nutrition), meat, wool, and even leather; they are pack animals; and they form part of the small-scale and large-scale caravan trade that is one of the more impressive parts of the historical and prehistorical landscape. Despite its importance, camel brucellosis remains under-studied compared to other livestock diseases, and information on its epidemiology, diagnosis, and control is scattered. This review was undertaken to consolidate existing knowledge, identify gaps in current understanding, and provide a comprehensive overview of epidemiological trends, diagnostic challenges, and control strategies. We emphasize the difficulties in identification, monitoring, and containment of the disease in endemic regions and suggest comprehensive measures for its effective control.