@article{b3f86262c800489d9966ace81956d010,
title = "Assessing trait-based scaling theory in tropical forests spanning a broad temperature gradient",
abstract = "Aim: Tropical elevation gradients are natural laboratories to assess how changing climate can influence tropical forests. However, there is a need for theory and integrated data collection to scale from traits to ecosystems. We assess predictions of a novel trait-based scaling theory, including whether observed shifts in forest traits across a broad tropical temperature gradient are consistent with local phenotypic optima and adaptive compensation for temperature. Location: An elevation gradient spanning 3,300 m and consisting of thousands of tropical tree trait measures taken from 16 1-ha tropical forest plots in southern Per{\'u}, where gross and net primary productivity (GPP and NPP) were measured. Time period: April to November 2013. Major taxa studied: Plants; tropical trees. Methods: We developed theory to scale from traits to communities and ecosystems and tested several predictions. We assessed the covariation between climate, traits, biomass and GPP and NPP. We measured multiple traits linked to variation in tree growth and assessed their frequency distributions within and across the elevation gradient. We paired these trait measures across individuals within 16 forests with simultaneous measures of ecosystem net and gross primary productivity. Results: Consistent with theory, variation in forest NPP and GPP primarily scaled with forest biomass, but the secondary effect of temperature on productivity was much less than expected. This weak temperature dependence appears to reflect directional shifts in several mean community traits that underlie tree growth with decreases in site temperature. Main conclusions: The observed shift in traits of trees that dominate in more cold environments is consistent with an {\textquoteleft}adaptive/acclimatory{\textquoteright} compensation for the kinetic effects of temperature on leaf photosynthesis and tree growth. Forest trait distributions across the gradient showed overly peaked and skewed distributions, consistent with the importance of local filtering of optimal growth traits and recent shifts in species composition and dominance attributable to warming from climate change. Trait-based scaling theory provides a basis to predict how shifts in climate have and will influence the trait composition and ecosystem functioning of tropical forests.",
keywords = "Amazon, Andes, ecosystem function, elevation gradient, metabolic scaling theory, scaling, stoichiometry, trait-based ecology",
author = "Enquist, {Brian J.} and Bentley, {Lisa Patrick} and Alexander Shenkin and Brian Maitner and Van Savage and Sean Michaletz and Benjamin Blonder and Vanessa Buzzard and Espinoza, {Tatiana Erika Boza} and William Farfan-Rios and Doughty, {Christopher E.} and Goldsmith, {Gregory R.} and Martin, {Roberta E.} and Norma Salinas and Miles Silman and Sandra D{\'i}az and Asner, {Gregory P.} and Yadvinder Malhi",
note = "Funding Information: We thank N. Fyllas and G. Yvon-Durocher and three anonymous referees for constructive comments on earlier drafts. This work is a product of the Global Ecosystems Monitoring (GEM) network (gem. tropicalforests.ox.ac.uk) the Andes Biodiversity and Ecosystems Research Group (ABERG; andesresearch.org), the Amazon Forest Inventory Network RAINFOR (www.rainfor.org) and the Carnegie Spectranomics Project (spectranomics.carnegiescience.edu) research consortia. The field campaign was funded by grants to Y.M. from the UK NERC (Grant NE/J023418/1), with additional support from European Research Council advanced investigator grants GEM -TRAITS (321131), T-FORCES (291585), NSF DEB 1457812 to BJE, and a John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation grant to G.P.A. We thank Katherine Quispe Huaypar, Rosa Mercedes Castro Ccoscco, Flor Delis Ccori {\'A}lvarez, Arturo Robles C{\'a}ceres, John Lacson, Anjeanette McKay and Colby Sides. We also thank the Servicio Nacional de {\'A}reas Naturales Protegidas por el Estado (SERNANP) and personnel of Manu and Tambopata National Parks for logistical assistance and permission to work in the protected areas. We also thank the Explorers{\textquoteright} Inn and the Pontifical Catholic University of Per{\'u}, as well as ACCA for use of the Tambopata and Wayqecha Research Stations, respectively. We are indebted to Professor Eric Cosio (Pontifical Catholic University of Per{\'u}) for assistance with research permissions and sample analysis and storage. Taxonomic work at Carnegie Institution was facilitated by Raul Tupayachi, Felipe Sinca and Nestor Jaramillo. B.B. was supported by NSF DDIG DEB 21209287, as well as a U.K. NERC fellowship NE/M019160/1. G.P.A. and the Spectranomics team were supported by the endowment of the Carnegie Institution for Science and NSF (DEB-1146206). S.D. was partially supported by a Visiting Professorship Grant from the Leverhulme Trust, U.K. G.R.G. was supported by funding from the European Community{\textquoteright}s Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007–2013) under grant agreement number 290605 (COFUND: PSI-FELLOW). Y.M. is supported by the Jackson Foundation. B.J.E., V.B. and S.M. were supported by NSF MacroSystems award 1065861. B.J.E., L.P.B., G.P.A. and V.M.S. were supported by NSF award DEB 1457812. B.J.E. was also supported by a Visiting Professorship Grant from the Leverhulme Trust, U.K. and an Oxford Martin School Fellowship. Funding Information: U.K. NERC, Grant/Award Number: NE/ J023418/1, NE/M019160/1; GEM-TRAITS, Grant/Award Number: 321131; T-FORCES, Grant/Award Number: 291585; John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation; NSF DDIG DEB, Grant/Award Number: 1209287; Carnegie Institution for Science; NSF, Grant/Award Number: DEB-1146206, DEB 1457812; Leverhulme Trust; European Community{\textquoteright}s Seventh Framework Program, Grant/Award Number: FP7/2007-2013; PSI-FELLOW; John Fell Fund; NSF Macro-Systems, Grant/Award Number: 1065861; Oxford Martin School Fellowship Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd",
year = "2017",
month = dec,
doi = "10.1111/geb.12645",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "26",
pages = "1357--1373",
journal = "Global Ecology and Biogeography",
issn = "1466-822X",
publisher = "Wiley-Blackwell",
number = "12",
}